2010, the Decade gone by and a Wish

We are soon going to enter in a new year and a new decade. A decade that will not only define India’s stand in the world but will also be important for youth like you and me who are on the verge of starting out on their career journey beginning 2010. The beginning of the year 2010 will mark the end of the decade 2000-2009 which by far has been the most progressive Indian decade ever. The economy has grown at a brisk pace and has outnumbered and outwitted even the most optimistic of the predictions. Skeptics have been shown the dust by the storm generated by the splurging economy. I am not talking numbers here- no facts, no figures, no expert analysis, nothing. I have witnessed the impact of the growing economy around me and I know and can firmly state that India is on a developmental path which is unprecedented in its history. Yes, 1991 policies of globalization and liberalization have worked and we now have lesser number of people living in poverty than in any other decade. Yes, the Infrastructure, education and health have improved.
I have witnessed the rising confidence levels of the younger generation which is a far cry from the old license raj days where “hope” was a scarce commodity and confidence an equivocal word. Yes we have grown in stature and confidence as individuals, as a community, as a state and above all as a nation.

We have more optimists now than we ever had pessimists. We have more people now who think they can bring in change and usher in a new wave of optimism and hope. The biggest change of the last decade is that the younger generation now has hope and aspiration which could catapult India into the coveted league of developed nations. When this wonderful decade began, I was 12 and now I stand here 10 years hence with entrepreneurial dreams that one like my conservative family background could never have thought of in the previous decade. This fundamental change in our approach towards everything is unprecedented and worthy of a great celebration. Consider this, more than 400 million active mobile telecom users, Rs. 39100crore budgeted spend on NREGA, $1.3 trillion economy, $290 billion forex reserves, $150 billion exports , and more and more and even more numbers and facts confirm the behemoth that India is and will be in the future. The world at large recognizes the importance India has in the world order now and the growing number of foreign investors is a testimony to that. India has a say in the global issues ranging from WTO talks to Climate Change negotiations.

Yes the decade 2000-2009 was ours and the upcoming decade is most probably going to eclipse the success of this decade even better. I hope for the future to be bright and Indians to be affluent. I hope that the light of this decade doesn’t blind the Indians and that they are able to see even better. I hope that they retain the humility and the humbleness which has characterized our culture from the very beginning. I hope that the Indians understand the difference between humility and modesty. I hope that the affluent Indians realize that right now the glass is only half full, and to make it full they would be needed to build a society where there are no biases on whatever basis, where meritocracy will rule, where there would be full transparency, where there would be no corruption, where the poor would get the same opportunities as the rich, where health and education would not be limited to a few, where the country will proceed towards inclusive growth, where no one, however ill or old or poor, will be left out and that integrity will not only be a fancy word but a way of life, where humility will accompany confidence and above all where all Indians will have HOPE. With this wish, I end this decade and welcome the year 2010. A very happy and a prosperous new year to my fellow Indians. “STAY HUNGRY STAY FOOLISH”

- Sunny Gusain

November 29, 2009 :THE "CAT" DIARY

So, what do you expect from the new CAT( Common Admission Test) on the day of your exam? For some do not expect anything( just like me) while others burn the midnight oil to find out what CAT might have in store. My CAT was scheduled on 29th November, 3:30pm at Thakur College of Eng., Kandivali, Mumbai. As for me, the day was like any other day and I woke up at 8 in the morning not realising the IMPORTANCE of the day. The first thing I did in the morning was...........morning ablutions, attend to the nature's call and brush my teeth of course.......then I went down my 5th floor flat( through the stairs that is) and read a few newspapers at the public reading room, which is what I normally do. So, there it was "CAT 09 begins with Technical Glitches" the front page news of a national daily. My first reaction was......yawn...............  .yawn...................... .yawn........(that's three reactions) . I expected that in the first place not because I doubt the credentials of Prometric ETS, the testing company which has been awarded the $40million 5 year contract to conduct the online CAT, but rather due to the shaky Indian connectivity infrastructural problems we face every now and then. So, while flipping through the pages of the daily newspaper I saw a news article informing me that the Train Services in the western line, where I was headed for the CAT, will remain affected due to construction work going on.What to do then? I started reading the newspapers at 9 in the morning and by the time I read this news it was already 10:30 so I had to take off early as suggested by the news article.

I ate nothing( against the wishes of my friends) and collected all the exam paraphernalia and headed to my destination, Kandivali east. Dadar station, from where I was to board the train for Kandivali, was as usual, Chaotic. Before I went inside the station, I made sure I had something to eat( it is a different matter then that I had to eat Wada Pav which i intensely hate). I bought the ticket, boarded the train and after 35-45 mins was in Kandivali. From there, I took an auto to the testing site. After a few enquiries about the exact location of the site from the local people, I was standing there right in front of the exam site gate. The CAT blues were nowhere visible in me until I saw hordes of Indian media people outside the gate. They made me realize that this day is different and important. I had a few worried heartbeats which I, surprisingly,  managed. The ordinary day was no longer ordinary as the media people wanted it to be a day of embarrassment for both the Prometric and the IIMs. A TV Today journalist was approaching every possible thing coming out of the exam gate.

It was around 12 and I was already getting tired when, through God's grace,  I  saw two beautiful women standing outside the exam gate. They seemed to be in their early 20s, had brown hair and a couple of conspicuously BIG THINGS.  It was all easy after that: why? I kept staring at them for the rest of the time I was outside the test gate. The entry started at 1 pm, which  gave me plenty of time to explore every possible body part they had (and also fantasize a little). Oh yes I forgot to mention, I had a Business Today magazine with me which i pretended to read while staring at them. So that's how I passed my time outside. It was 1 and the entry began. I got through the security measures, the long Q and everything else they had including the fingerprint detector. Still, exam was 2 hours away and sitting in the computer lab in front of a dead PC was no less than a test of patience(should have given marks for that). After a few failed timepassing activities like clicking the mouse, pencil gazing, finger watching,etc., the exam instructor directed us to start the tutorial, which I gladly did. So, after the 15 min tutorial the test began, which was around 30 mins earlier than my scheduled test timing of 3:30. Anyways, I didn't mind that( after all, what can you do in 30 mins when you have not done anything in the last year).

Thus, the CAT began. There were no surprises this time around, except for the fact that the marking system was not specified( what difference that would have made anyways ). The Test was deceptively easier than last year. Quant( which i was hoping to be difficult) was doable, which came as a bolt from the blue for me as it would mean high cutoffs for quant. The other sections were more or less on the same pattern as last years and the difficulty level were also comparable. A good paper for someone who has done a lot of quant while preparing for the CAT( that is not for me). So, I did a few questions in all the sections while thinking about the next CAT at the same time. This would give you an impression like I am giving the CAT next year as well( hell I am). The only saving grace for the day was that I finished my test without any technical glitches(thanks to my good friend who kept her fingers crossed for me). All in all the test went as expected.

After I had finished my exam, I took off for Dadar. While on my way, I saw something truly amazing. I saw a group of people performing a laughter session on the street side. Nothing amazing, right? But, when you consider the fact that this group of people was different in a way that they were dumb and deaf, you realize the significance of what I saw. There was a performer standing in the middle of the group.  The performer was so articulate with his hand movements and gestures that he made me forget the language I know. The communication among them was impeccable and seamless. Every single one of them was laughing and I can bet that that was real happiness which I witnessed in that short span of less than a minute. Even after the CAT exam not going too well, I realized that " LIFE IS MUCH BIGGER" than a few aptitude questions. Right?

This is Why We Have Laws

Who decides the laws of Morality and Ethics? Who decides Greatness? Who defines Crime? Who decides Legality? All these questions have a very similar suggestion to make. The answers to these questions can help us decipher the whole of mankind and its forms as manifested in the societal framework we live in today. These questions entail the development, growth and continuity of human subspecies. We as the contemporary lot of human subspecies have taken for granted the sophistication our forefathers had to go through while defining the laws or rules which govern us today. Morality, as defined by Plato, is only relative to the kind of world we inhabit at. Morality is not absolute in nature as is exhibited by the growing number of crime related activities.

The studies of psyches of some hardcore criminals make us understand the concepts of Plato rather well than anything else. Their Psyches does not define Morality as the conventional concept but rather they have developed their own idea of Morality. Their idea of Morality is influenced by socio-economic conditions in which they are bred and brought up in. There are lots of instances in the contemporary world that show us very well why morality is not absolute. The cases of serial killers killing with impunity are examples worth mentioning. What is the reason behind their so called inhumane and brutal behavior? Is it because they are insane? Is it because of hatred? It might come to you as a surprise but these serial killers do not think themselves as criminals and have no sense of regret whatsoever. They kill without hatred most of the times. So what prompts or rather motivates them to take the plunge and kill someone without hatred? The only plausible explanation to this has to be the development of “Parallel Morality” which is against the law defined morality of the state which is followed by the masses. This parallel morality is detrimental to the superego (Sigmund Freud in the Interpretation of dreams) which is called the conscience in the vernacular. The destruction of Superego by the hands of Parallel Morality has repercussions for the individual who is only a physical manifestation of this whole struggle. This instigates the killer to approach and kill with impunity. The only obstruction in the path of a human being ready for destruction of human life can be conscience but this conscience is missing in the Serial killers thereby making them more dangerous to control.

The above example is the very rationale behind having well defined Laws rather than having well defined Moralities. Moralities are very frail in nature and their dynamic behavior can cause irreparable casualties. Due to this, we define and enforce the laws rather than Moralities. Also, Morality is highly influenced by the ruling class. This makes it even more important to have laws in place that could deal with the collective conscience of the entire class of people who are living within the state boundaries. A law enables us to ensure transparency and credibility in the state machinery and therefore helps us to keep our superego or conscience in good stead. It ensures the peace and security of a nation and prosperity for the entire nation. Let’s hope we keep our “Superego” over and above “Parallel Morality” and build a better India.

Why we don't see a Sachin every now and then

As we all celebrate Sachin Tendulkar's 20 years in International cricket, I wish to throw some light on the state of mind of the Indian youth and Sachin's impact on the same over the past 20 years and the reasons why we don't see more Sachins around us.  On November 15,1989 at Peshawar in Pakistan, history was made as a legend, barely 5ft5in in height, walked out to bat on a cricket field to face 6feet plus fast bowlers bowling at great pace. It was historic not only for the cricketing reasons but also for the larger picture emerging at that time in India. Sachin does not only signify cricketing success but also tells us why it is important to believe in oneself, to have the courage to stand up against odds, to persist even against the harshest of circumstances and to be humble even after great achievements. Sachin displays confidence without arrogance and thus brings pride not only for himself but for the country as well. His 87 centuries in the international arena is a testimony to the old saying that "It's not the success that decides a champion but rather the persistence of the success that does". Perseverance is a heavy word but it is a word that aptly fits on the little champion.
      Sachin's greatest achievement goes well beyond the cricketing field. I am a 21 year old student who, like many others, has derived great inspiration from this great man not necessarily in the cricketing field. His ability to inspire people has been his greatest gift to the country. He has not only inspired thousands of young cricketers but also people of other spheres of life ranging from technicians to actors to scholars to businessman to entrepreneurs........the list is endless as is his enigma. His life gives people an audacity of hope.
With all what he has achieved and accomplished in his life, it doesn't come to me as a surprise then that we don't see too many players of his calibre in the cricketing field. Even today the dedication and the commitment he shows before every match is unparalleled and is appreciated even by players 15 years younger to him. He is a living icon. Sachin came into the scene when the Indian Economy took the policies of  liberalization and globalization. He witnessed the birth of 4th generation of Indians who, unlike him, are restless, impatient and to a large extent lack the dedication required to become great from good. He is a champion on and off the field.
                   Sachin is far beyond the facts and the figures that is regularly displayed before his name. He is a living legend, an impeccable soul with an outrageous hunger for success and an exquisite delight to his countrymen. For those who still doubt his abilities and his achievements there is nothing more I can say. I hope his personal target of winning the 2010 Cricket World Cup for his country is fulfilled in the subcontinent. That would be a remarkable end to a remarkable career and the one which people would remember for the rest of their lives.

The Idea of a Social Cell

Arun Maira in one of his articles in the economic times had asked the question, what sort of children we will leave for the world? The child in the BMW and the one in a dilapidated condition tapping on its window begging for a rupee, the child living in a suburban flat with all amenities and gadgets and the one living in slums barely able to get 3 meals a day, the child going to the convent school and the one government primary school or not even that, the child spending tens of rupees on telecom services and the one whose family does not own any mobile/telephone,……………………. The list is endless and is an interesting paradigm of the India growth story so far. The disparities among the elite and the non-elite children are gargantuan. The saddest part of this whole scenario is that the Indian elite has accepted these disparities as a way of life and one can often hear the argument that the poor wish to be poor that’s why they’re poor. The above argument is gross as it fails to realize that when you don’t get opportunities in the educational and the social landscape your chances of climbing up the ELITE level is very low. Now I do not wish to criticize the elite for their positions but the facts cannot be ignored.

My focus in this article would be on Social Entrepreneurship and the real time manifestation of the same from our college itself. I think it is our responsibility as well as our duty to pull the underprivileged children into the mainstream India not only for their good but also for the larger good of the society. So how do I propose to do it? I propose to setup a social cell in our college itself the knitty gritties of which I’ll discuss in detail in the next blog. The idea of a social cell in our college has been wandering in my mind over the past couple of months and now I think it is the right time to write something about it and hope for its implementation in the upcoming months.

“Jeevan- Make Lives Better”……………………….2 b continued

Migrant Labor and Empowerment?

The theory of natural selection evident in the animal kingdom is at work in most Indian cities. Survival of the fittest is another ruthless concept on display in the Indian cities.The sufferers on both counts are the 93% of the Indian working class which is in the unorganized sector enjoying minimum rights as compared to the 7% elite working class Indians. The condition of Migrant workers in the 93% unorganized sector is worse than the others. Before I really delve into the issues of migrant rights and reforms let us get acquainted with some core facts so that we can get a better understanding of the issue. Do know that when I say labor I refer to the migrant working class in the 93% unorganized sector working class. According to census 2001, 27.78% of Indian population was urban while 78.22% of Indian population was rural. In the 1950s 15% of Indian population was urban while the rest was rural. Clearly the pace of urbanization has been slow as compared to the overall population growth thereby promoting migration from deprived rural areas to the more prosperous urban areas. Millions of migrant workers from the rural as well as underprivileged areas flock to other cities in search of greener pastures so that they could sustain their families back home. As a result of which we see a huge seasonal in surge of migrants in various cities and big towns in India. These laborers work under strenuous conditions and often with no labor and human rights thereby depending entirely on the employer to decide their rights. As is clear, these migrant laborers enjoy little or no labor rights as compared to the organized sector workers. These laborers often are subjected to mental, physical and emotional harassment. The fact that these migrant laborers are also from same nation as themselves is often forgotten by their employees who leave no stone unturned to seep out even the last drop of their blood.

Yesterday as I was walking across ranade road in Mumbai I became witness to a minor accident where a motorcycle was hit by a taxi. There were no damages- physical as well as economical- on the scene but still the reaction with which the young men got off from the bike and started thrashing the poor taxi guy without getting into the reasons of the accident was heart wrecking and forced me to rethink my ideas about the empowerment of the migrant workers/laborers. The fact that two constables were standing nearby doing nothing further compounded my fears. Would the reaction have been the same in the hometown of the taxi driver or was it that the bikers knew that the taxi driver won’t be able to do anything as he was a migrant? How would have the constables reacted in the hometown of the taxi driver? What the incident taught me was that unless all the states come together on the centre stage and form a committee under the centre’s leadership and tackle the issues of migration, these incidents will continue unabated. Yes the labor rights will continue to be compromised. Of course the above incident may be passed off as a hate attack but the fact is that in the absence of strong grievance redresssal system for the migrant workers such incidents will happen again and the inhabitants will continue their violent pursuits against the migrants with impunity. So what we can do to improve the condition of migrant workers?

The reasons behind migration are simple and easy to understand and tell us why the migrants are forced to leave their hometown. The most prominent of these reasons is the scourge of unemployment which is at an alarmingly high rate in the rural areas thereby forcing migration. Many a times, unavailability of proper education, healthcare and sanitation also forces migration. Although we have celebrated more than 60 years of our independence the fruits of development have not really percolated to the weaker sections of the society. This inequitable growth also forces migration to more successful regions. This fact is evident from the fact that rather than having multiple business centric cities we only have 4-5 cities where 70-80% of India’s business happens. This results in the uneven distribution of employment and wealth thereby promoting migration especially of migrant workers. It doesn’t come to us as a surprise if we consider the fact of India being ranked 132 among 180 nations in the annual Human development index (conducted by UNDP) behind this backdrop. In fact it is a testimony to the fact that we have inequitable growth in the country. So what can we do? A few solutions to the problem of migrants especially of unskilled nature are

• Financial and social inclusion

• Application of technology in the empowerment of the poor

• Building and sustaining of multiple centers of business cities

• Encouragement of entrepreneurship in backward/underdeveloped areas through financial means

• Labor reforms

• Focus on empowerment through education

• Encouraging small/medium sector industries in rural areas with Public as well as private sector banks as partners

• Spreading of awareness about labor rights

• Proper deliverance of social services by the government by checking on corruption

***All the above points and some other points will be discussed in detail in the upcoming blogs

The government has already started working on the theoretical aspect of the above points. Take for instance the unique identification authority (UID) under the chairmanship of Mr. Nandan Nilekeni which will present a database of over a billion people thereby making it easier for the government to deliver their services effectively and efficiently. Also while in the tenth plan allocation to education was 7.7 percent it has increase to an unprecedented 19 percent in the 11th plan. Although many other measures such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and others has reduced migration to an extent but still a lot needs to be done by the government. We should not forget that historically India’s Achilles heel has been the implementation part or the actual deliverance of service and various schemes to people it is actually targeted at. So let’s hope that this time around we will see a change from the earlier times and that the past mistakes will not be repeated and we will see a more resurgent and confident India where the principles of equality prevails. May god bless India!!!!!!!!

What Inclusive Growth Really Is?

In this article I am going to write a story which is 100% original and non-fictional. This story has its origin in the 21st century and to the surprise of many, in the globalised and liberalized India. Before I begin to disclose the protagonists of my story let me throw some facts to reiterate my perceptions on display in the story.

India or Bharat became a democratic republic on 15th august 1947 after much deliberations and confrontations with the British Raj. From 1947 till 1991 our ‘ Great India’ registered an average growth rate of 3.5%. And to the surprise of our policy makers and politicians the socialist structure which they thought would bring more inclusive growth failed miserably. The reason, yes you guessed it right, was the ‘red tape’ or the bureaucratic hassles that one had to confront before one wanted to start an enterprise. It is no surprise then that India is ranked 122 among 180 nations in the “Ease of Doing Business” parameter by the world bank. The great visionaries of 1991 political regime realized that the socialist structure wasn’t yielding the intended benefits and in order to compete with the fast changing world one needs to bring in much needed reforms and thus came the policies of globalization and liberalization. Divestment also came in this period thereby bringing in some transparency and accountability in some public sector undertakings. The chief purpose of the policies was to cut the red tape thereby streamlining and smoothening the bureaucratic process. Although a lot of changes followed the policies and it became relatively easier to start a business but still the underlying principles of the policies that was to bring great transparency, accountability and credibility to the administrative and bureaucratic processes remained elusive…………….to be continued

Why Prostitution Should be Legalized

This time around i am going to seem ridiculous or even absurd at the first place but the gravity of the issue persuades me to be honest. Being a very contentious issue in India let me throw some light over the history and the legality of the "world's oldest proffesion" . In contemporary india, prostitution is considered a taboo and not too many people like to talk about it in public. Inspite of this, In 2007, the Ministry of Child and Development reported presence of 2.8 million sex workers in India, with 35.47 percent of them entering the trade before the age of 18 years. Also the number of prostitutes entering the "business" has also doubled in the last decade. According to a Human Rights Watch report, Indian anti-trafficking laws are designed to combat commercialized vice; prostitution, as such, is not illegal. A sex worker can be punished for soliciting or seducing in public while clients can be punished for sexual activity close to a public place, and the organization puts the figure of sex workers in India to be around 15 million, withMumbai alone being home to one lakh (100,000) sex workers, the largest sex industry centre in Asia. Some very famous sex centres or red light areas in india are Sonagachi in Kolkata,Kamathipura in Mumbai, G.B.Road in New Delhi, Reshampura in Gwalior and Budhwar Peth in Pune host thousands of sex workers. They are famous red light centres in India. Earlier there was a centre in Dalmandi in Varanasi and Naqqasa Bazaar in Saharanpur also. So inspite of the fact that prostitution is not promoted it is restricted to some places in towns and cities. This article of mine will focus on why prostitution should be promoted and made a national agenda and how legalizing it could bring in enormous benefits for the country.
Why should anyone join prostitution with so much social vice attached to it. The reason is simple and straightforward; to earn and to survive. In a country where 80% of the population lives at less than Rs.20 per day it is not surprising why the number of prostitutes has doubled over the past decade. The fact that prostitution is "illegal" gives so much more power to the exploiters of the prostitutes. I have to make five broad points of why prostitution should be legalized and the benefits it will have for the society.
1. Legalizing prostitution in the country will help to check the menace of deadly AIDS and other STDs whose main breeding point is prostitution. As there is no or little government medical and health support for the informal prostitution, it becomes very difficult for the government to keep a check on the number of the prostitutes who are infected with AIDS and other STDs. Also, legalizing prostitution will ensure better health services for these prostitutes and will help to spread awareness about AIDS more effectively. It will also ensure that children of these prostitutes will have acess to better education thereby strenghtening them intellectually and better equipping them for survival in this cruel world.

2. The growing fiscal deficit of the government can be reduced if prostitution is legalized in India. So, how can this be done ? Just think, what will happen if the government includes and markets "sex" in the "Incredible India" campaign is that campaign india stands to gain a lot of foreign currency which would help it to reduce pressure.........2 b continued

ENLIGHTENMENT?

The night has just got a bit longer for me as the very nightmares of being dominated by some invisible force have come to the fore again. Though it’s more or less a form of lack of physical fitness but still I have a concrete feeling of being dominated by some force. This force is of a

completely different nature than the well known forces of nature. They try to dominate my body and at times my body obliges to this demand of the unknown force. Th

ough I have had miraculous escapes from this force in the past but now it’s almost inevitable to avoid thi

s unknown force. The idea of being

dominated by unknown spirits has been completely made by me because I define spirits as not the ghostly thing but the power which

is driving us all on this earth.

It includes the very spirits of the dead and also the supernatural powers possessed by the Indian babas or aghoris. Different theories can be put forward to describe the very nature of this force but in actual it couldn’t be described until one has experienced the very force himself. The very idea of meeting the unknown can definitely thrill the majority but fear associated with this very subject can make people look for other thrills.

This force is definitely a part of the driving force of the universe that even Einstein couldn’t explain. Though to describe that in mathemat

ical terms is still not possible but we can link it to the spiritual energy that is possessed by humans. This spiritual energy, though, comes out only after its realization through various meditation methods. Nurturing energy of this kind is very beneficial for someone who is down on morality and self belief and for someone who has lost his dignity. In short,

someone who has lost himself due to one or more reasons or due to the occurrence of certain events in life which one believes he should have avoided. The indomitable spirits of great people such as Mahatma Gandhi had so much self belief and hard

working capacity as well as capabilities because of this. This very impeccable nature of this force drives the entire nation of India in one way or the other. The saints or hermits of incredible India have known a lot about this very energy source since ages and though it is at the periphery right now but the revival of this force is still possible through the sheer intelligence of the learned. All this will involve a lot of hard work and this will be possible only through the cooperation of the masses and the force of liberality will drive all this.

To know the meaning of our existence is obviously very difficult but still we can look at various records to find out what the ENLIGHTMENT is all about. For instance take us an instance from history which is in fact is a mix of both

the mythology and the history. Nevertheless, before that let us take one very important thing in mind. The distortion of facts is a very common phenomenon in today’s world and alteration of the real story is very prevalent. To think of Ramayana and Mahabharata as the actual series of events that would have taken place at that time will not be good as a learned man but one cannot deny some of the facts. Apart from this, the most important thing is who narrates the story. If the writer is close to a person writing the story or admires him in one way or the other he is bound to write things according to his preference or his liking. Then it does not matter whether they are in harmony with the actual facts or not. This is a psychological factor that plays an important role in the alteration of the history and the production of fake literature work. Though I am not condemning the very legality of the two most important Indian epics but the above facts can not be denied also.
Let me elaborate this more with the help of an instance from history. In Buddhism, a Buddha (Sanskrit, Pali) is any being who has become fully awakened (enlightened), has permanently overcome greed, hate, and ignorance, and has achieved complete liberation from suffering. Enlightenment (or Nirvana (Pali: Nibbana) is the highest form of happiness. It only applies to the first one who has achieved this without prior knowledge of Buddhism. When all knowledge of Buddhism is lost and one becomes enlightened then we have a true Buddha................................................to be continued